Mohd Ibrahim Abdullah,Aryati Ahmad,Sharifah Wajihah Wafa Syed Saadun Tarek Wafa,Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif,Noor Aini Mohd Yusoff,Muhammad Khalis Jasmiad,Nujaimin Udin,Kartini Abdul Karim.[J].Chin J Traumatol,2020,23(5):290-294. [doi]
Determination of calorie and protein intake among acute and sub-acute traumatic brain injury patients
  
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KeyWord: MalnutritionCalorie intakeProtein intakeTraumatic brain injury
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Mohd Ibrahim Abdullah Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Aryati Ahmad Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Sharifah Wajihah Wafa Syed Saadun Tarek Wafa Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Noor Aini Mohd Yusoff Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Muhammad Khalis Jasmiad Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terenganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Nujaimin Udin Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
Kartini Abdul Karim Dietetic and Food Service Department, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia 
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Abstract:
      Purpose: Malnutrition is a common problem among hospitalized patients, especially among traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. It is developed from hypermetabolism and the condition may worsen under the circumstance of underfeeding or incompatible dietary management. However, the data of nutrient intake especially calorie and protein among TBI patients were scarce. Hence, this study aimed to determine the calorie and protein intake among acute and sub-acute TBI patients receiving medical nutrition therapy in hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu. Methods: This observational study involved 50 patients recruited from the neurosurgical ward. Method of 24 h dietary recall was utilized and combined with self-administered food diaries for 2-8 days. Food consumptions including calorie intake and protein intake were analyzed using Nutritionist PRO™ (Woodinville, USA) and manual calculation based on the Malaysian food composition database (2015). Results: Patients consisted of 56% males and 44% females with the median age of 28.0 (IQR = 22.8-36.5) years, of which 92% were diagnosed as mild TBI and the remaining (8%) as moderate TBI. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was adopted to classify TBI severity with the score 13-15 being mild and 9-12 being moderate. The median length of hospital stay was 2 (IQR = 2.0e3.3) days. Calorie and protein intake improved significantly from day 1 to discharge day. However, the intake during discharge day was still considered as suboptimal, i.e. 75% of calorie requirement, whilst the median protein intake was only 61.3% relative to protein requirement. Moreover, the average percentages of calorie and protein intakes throughout hospitalization were remarkably lower, i.e. 52.2% and 41.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Although the calorie and protein intakes had increased from baseline, hospitalized TBI patients were still at a risk to develop malnutrition as the average intakes were considerably low as compared to their requirements. Optimum nutrient intakes especially calorie and protein are crucial to ensure optimum recovery process as well as to minimize risks of infection and complications.
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